William Browning And Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay

The Two Authors’ Different Perspective Literatures in the Victorian Era Many authors are influenced by the society, culture, politic and economy during their period. Therefore, their literary works usually describe the condition of their period directly or indirectly. The two authors, Roberts Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, also expose the culture and the condition of the society of the Victorian era through their works. The authors are married couple authors of the Victorian era. Roberts Browning’s a typical literary work is My Last Duchess. Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s one of the most famous work is Aurora Leigh. In the two poems, the authors mainly focus on the different gender roles. Even though the two Victorian era literatures, Aurora Leigh and My Last Duchess, demonstrate the social issue, which is a sexual discrimination during the Victorian era, each author emphasizes the seriousness of the issue by using different perspectives on women’s roles and positions. My Last Duchess, which was written by Roberts browning de monstrates the horrible condition of the Victorian society by exposing the author’s perspective on the genders’ role in the Victorian era. The book, the literature of the Victorian era, defines the poem â€Å"a perfect picture of cold-blooded heartlessness, a thing possible in any age though fortunately† (Hugh 427). The poem clearly shows the dreadful social condition for a woman in the Victorian era. According to the author, Michael O’Neill,Show MoreRelatedEssay Writing about Love857 Words   |  4 Pagesbut an exploration of pre-1914 love poetry shows other types of love such as unrequited love and obsessive love. The poems I will explore in depth are ‘To his Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvin, ‘The Garden of Love’ by William Blake, and ‘How do I love thee’ by Elizabeth Barrett-Browning. Blake’s poem ‘The Garden of Love’ is his view of being deceived by the perception of marriage. He has shown this by using the Chapel to symbolize marriage. When he gets there he finds ‘Thou shalt not’ writtenRead MoreEssay On Elizabeth Barrett Browning955 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet of the Victorian Era. She was born on March 6, 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. Barrett had a big family, she was the oldest out of 12 children. Her parents, Mary Graham Clarke and Edward Barrett, educated their children at home. The family made their money off of Jamaican sugar plantations and depended on slave labor. Barrett began her love for reading and writing poetry at a very young age. She began reading the classicRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of British Literature1536 Words   |  7 Pagesto the Romantic Era was William Blake. Blake was a very spiritual man and his work revolves around the idea of a higher power. When it comes to love, William Blake never really discusses the type of love that people think of when the word love is brought up, like romantic and between two individuals. Blake expressed love through the idea of a higher power. Nathan A. Cervo from Franklin Pierce College writes, â€Å"†¦that ‘Loveà ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is Blake s name for Jesus Christ† (1). William Wordsworth SamuelRead MoreThe Cry Of The Children By Elizabeth Barrett Browning1368 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"The Cry of the Children† is a poignant look into the horrid practice of child labor that took place in the mines and factories of 1840’s industrial England. Browning paints such a vivid, disturbing picture that she aroused the conscience of the entire nation. A new historicist perspective into this poem will help understand why Browning decided to take a stand and speak up for these children through her work. The poem opens with,† Do ye hear the children weeping,Read MoreHow Do I Love Thee and A Dream 968 Words   |  4 Pagesvehicle that takes us on a ride of emotions. Poetry according to William Wordsworth should be, â€Å"The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.† Poems such as A Dream, by Edgar Allan Poe, and How do I love thee, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, are perfect examples of good poetry, they have very different views of the same subject, which give a powerful effect on the reader. The poem, How do I love thee, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, is about how she loves her beloved and tries to list the differentRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning, An English Poet Of The Victorian Era1004 Words   |  5 Pages Elizabeth Barrett Browning, an English poet of the Victorian Era, was born on March 6, 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. Barrett was apart of a big family; her parents had 12 children, she was the oldest out of all of them. Mary Graham Clarke and Edward Barrett were the parents out of all 12 children. They educated their children at home. The family made their money off of Jamaican sugar plantations and depended on slave labor. Barrett began her love for reading and writing poetry at a veryRead More Observations on the Writing Profession in The Republic by Plato1393 Words   |  6 Pageshowever eloquent, is recitation. At best, writing can only serve as a reminder to those who already know (277E-278A). But philosophers are knowledge seekers whose se arch depends on the acknowledgment of ignorance. In a letter to Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning once wrote that the fullness must be in proportion to the vacancy—a vacancy the speechwriter rarely realizes, according to Socrates.2 Most speeches enable the writer and his audience to nod agreement to what they know already: ThoseRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of The Age Of Enlightenment890 Words   |  4 Pagesthem. Two of these artists, poets, were Robert Browning and Lord Alfred Tennyson. Robert Browning was born on May 7th 1812 in Camberwell, London, UK to a wealthy banker father, and a German-Scotch Mother. In his youth, Browning is said to have been influenced by his mother’s piety and love of music, and his father’s scholarly interests and unusual educational methods, which included creating games out of lessons to excite young Browning (Robert Browning). Later he would briefly attend boarding schoolRead MoreComparison of Two Poems: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summers Day and If Thou Must Love Me1155 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of two poems â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† written by William Shakespeare and â€Å"If thou must love me† written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† a poem written by William Shakespeare, is the eighteenth sonnet by this famous writer and a poet. Shakespeare, a popular english poet had written fifty four sonnets. â€Å"Shall I compare thee to summer’s day† is the most popular of all the fifty four sonnets which emphasized Shakespeare’s love poemRead More Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Life, Love, and Poetry2360 Words   |  10 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning was a remarkable woman who was deeply interested in reading grand pieces of literature and began writing her own literature at a very young age. She was very privileged to be financially independent, but also very unfortunate to have suffered an accident which resulted in great physical disadvantages. The combination of both, however, gave her the needed time to write her poetry. She fell in love with Robert Browning, a great admirer of her work, and, during their courtship

Analysis Of Alexander Hamilton s The Federalist Papers

In the face of staggering debt one man, Alexander Hamilton received the task of bringing the American economy back to stable system. Alexander achieved this through his use of taxes adopted from other countries and using the debt as leverage against those to whom the debt America owed. Once the new government became its own, the offices needed to be filled with influential men to set a positive path for America’s future. And once George Washington became the first president of the United States, he elected Alexander Hamilton to become Secretary of Treasury. In the face of staggering debt, Hamilton first saw to the repayment of the war debt in full. He diligently worked to create policies through which the government could tax the people in order to repay the debts. As one of the writers of many of the essays in The Federalist Papers, a compilation of political essays, he defended the Constitution, pending authorization, in some of the essays. He strongly desired a stron g, central government lead by the national government rather than by the people. He also disliked the idea of a two party system, as he knew how some disagreements lead to revolts, but in the face of judgment he would rise and take authority over his political party, the federalists, and create the first political party. His new plans for the American economy scared many at first, but became the system necessary for our country. Hamilton worked to create an economy capable of dealing with current andShow MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights By Donald Lutz Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most known and vocal Federalists were James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. These two men had different effects on the creation of the Bill of Rights and because there is a Bill of Rights appended to the Constitution this means the Federalist lost the debate. First, Alexander Hamilton’s history. Even, he in an â€Å"uncharacteristically extreme argument, succumbed to the ease of attributing libertyï‚ ¾ and therefore, rightsï‚ ¾ to the authority of nature. Therefore even Hamilton was of the belief that rightsRead MoreAlexander Hamilton The Federalist Paper Summary1316 Words   |  6 Pageswould have to approve its ratification. Individuals such as Alexander Hamilton would assume the responsibility of pleading the case for ratification to the states through letters that would be referred to as The Federalist Papers. Upon a closer inspection of Hamilton’s arguments, claims, and writing styles, one can develop a greater understanding of his underlying purpose for writing the first segment of The Federalist Papers. Hamilton opens his letter directed towards the people of New York byRead MoreThe Framers And The Constitution2216 Words   |  9 Pagespower to create of a national bank is not in the constitution, it is allowed. Hamilton says that this is an implied power and does not go against the 10th amendment. He states that the relation between the measure and the end, between the nature of the mean employed towards the execution of a power and the object of that power, must be the criterion of constitutionality not the more or less of necessity or utility. Hamilton also described what he meant by necessity when he says, â€Å"To be necessary isRead MoreMassucco 2. Mary Massucco. Professor Derosa. Pos4603 –1661 Words   |  7 PagesMassucco 2 Mary Massucco Professor Derosa POS4603 – Final Paper 02 May 2017 Hamilton s #78 The Federalist Papers are an insight into the federal court system of the United States through the interpretation of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Through their understanding of the federal court system, we are aided in making our own connections and analysis to better understand how the system works. More specifically, in Hamilton s essay #78, he essentially claims that the federal judiciaryRead MoreAn American Ideal Of Equality Is Not An America At All.1501 Words   |  7 Pagestexts that better explain the American Ideal of equality are; The Federalist Papers/The Anti-federalist,†The Bill of Rights†, and The other Amendments. The Federalist Papers are an over 50-page document of laws that the federalist believe and why the laws should be followed. Additionally, The Anti-Federalist Papers are an additional document to The Federalist Papers. The Anti-Federalist Papers explain reasons why the Federalist Papers are wrong in the opinion of others. â⠂¬Å"The Bill of Rights† are theRead More Locke and Publius: Comparing Their Views on Civil Government1500 Words   |  6 Pagesthose individuals and groups who have written on the topic have their critics because they offer points that are highly controversial in theory and problematic when put into practice. John Locke and Publius, which is the collective name for Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, both published essays with regards to the nature of government and largely championed the notion of democracy. With Locke writing on constitutional government in England and Publius writing on and essentially establishingRead MoreWashington s Farewell Address Analysis1375 Words   |  6 Pages Washington’s Farewell Address Analysis Jennifer Trammell GOVT 200 – C04 Instructor Barber Opening statement Washington’s Farewell Address The major document we will be analyzing in this paper is George Washington’s â€Å"Farewell Address†. This was a very important document of its time and in order to analyze it fully it would be helpful to know a little more insight on the writing of and the reason it was written. Who is George Washington? George Washington was born in 1732, he grew upRead More My Friend Hamilton -Who I shot Essay6642 Words   |  27 PagesA Historiographical Discussion of the Duel Between Aaron Burr and The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton holds a significant relevance in American history and should be examined within the context of early American culture and politics. The recent historiography of the incident provides us with a complex, evolving web of conflicting interpretations. Since the day of this tragic duel, contemporaries and historians have puzzled over why these two prominent American statesmenRead More International Free Trade and World Peace Essay6197 Words   |  25 Pagesinfluential authors from two time periods and continents: from the 18th Century, Adam Smith and Alexander Hamilton, and from the 20th Century, John Maynard Keynes and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. My thesis is that the four authors examined actually agreed with one another on the connection between free trade and peace, despite the discordant resonance of their arguments. Due to the nature of trade in Hamilton and Smiths time, their assertions that trade had ambiguous, if not adverse effects on stateRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Federal Government1836 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Virginia and New Jersey plan would later appear in our Constitution today. The federalist papers are essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John jay promoting the approval of the United States Constitution. The Federalist papers gave a very deep analysis on the structure of government, separation of powers, etc. The essays were written to convince anti-federalist to approve the Constitution, but ‘They argued that new national government would trample state governments

National Health Service Reorganization Free Essays

Any UK government is faced with a long list of health issues, this list would include macro questions such as the relationship of the National Health Service (NHS) to broader policies which might affect the health of the population and how to finance and staff health services. The NHS has gone through many stages of development in the last century, however the 1990 act introduced the most radical accounting control system since the birth of the NHS. Much accounting research has been developed on this topic and this paper will bring together some of their findings. We will write a custom essay sample on National Health Service Reorganization or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the late 1980†³s general management in the NHS was in full force, and expectations of ‘management discipline† were high, however there were a series of recurrent crisis. These crises were particularly evident in the hospital services and were caused by a combination of scarcity of compatible resources and an infinite demand for health care. Through a fundamental view of operations in 1989, two reviews were drawn up by the department of health, ‘working for patients† and ‘caring for people† (DoH, 1989a, 1989b), and these formed the basis of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990. The main focus of the impact was the concept of the internal market. This essentially involved the separation of two of the main functions of the NHS, purchasing and providing. Purchasing is defined as the buying of health services to satisfy local needs and providing, is defined as the day to day business of delivering that care. The purchasing agencies are provided with a budget which reflects their defined population, from which they must identify health needs, plan ways to satisfy them while ensuring the quality of the service. When the purchaser identifies their requirements, they produce a contract with the providers, who in turn invoice the purchaser for the materials and services provided. This illustrates the ‘Quasi-market† in operation, a Quasi-market being a market which seems to exist but doesn†t really. Flynn (1993) described the internal markets in the NHS as a mechanism to match supply with demand, and allow hospitals to compete on price and quality to attract patients. This new ideology of governance of the NHS has changed dramatically, especially through the Thatcher administration. Harrison (1997) describes how there are three ways of co-ordinating the activities of a multiplicity organisation, through markets, clans and hierarchies. Clans and hierarchies are based on using the process of co-operation to produce an ordered system of outcomes. The historic NHS was built very much around them; a combination of bureaucracy and professional culture; labelled as ‘professional bureaucracy† by Pugh and Hichson (1976). The new NHS is now reflected as having a market orientated organisation. The reformed NHS was established on 1st April 1991. On that day the internal market became operational, it†s main features were, that there is a fixed level of ‘demand† whose total is determined by NHS funding, trading takes place among a large number of buyers and sellers, and there is competition among suppliers. In this market it should be expected that managers respond with price, quality and branding as weapons of competitive behaviour (Flynn 1993). Llewellyn (1993) described the introduction of an ‘internal† or ‘Quasi-market† in health and social care, as a reaction to and was practically enabled, by an expanding population. Her research that looked at two factors, which forced reform in the NHS, demographic trends and technological advancement. The first factor focused on the growing problem facing nation states in the developed world is that of an ageing population and hence a greater dependence on the NHS in future years. Between 1961 and 1990 the percentage of the UK population over sixty five increased by one third and the numbers aged eighty five and over, more than doubled (Population Trends 1992). The second factor looked at the advancing technology of medical care across the developed world, which offered a new range of medical services and techniques. These advances however caused a problematic escalation in the supply and demand for medical treatment, and therefore total cost of that treatment to the purchaser. The basic rationale of her paper, was how the introduction of a market into health care causes an anticipated stimulus to competition and hence constant improvement in resource allocation and cost management. Hood (1994) identified two aims of the government in office as regard to the public sector, first the desire to lessen or eliminate differences between modes of private and public sector organisation. Secondly, the intention of exerting more control over the actions of public sector professionals. However, to discuss the first aim it is important to realise that there is a fundamental difference between developing a customer orientation in the private sector and a user orientation system in the public services (Flynn 1993). Private sector problems tend to be in efforts to market their products or services to the consumer, usually in competition with other firms. Whereas, public sector problems tend to be trying to deter too many people using their services, as opposed to attracting them. Therefore, this produces a fundamental problem in the trying to eliminate these aspects. Several issues caused the government desire not only to control, but also to make resource usage more efficient. Firstly the deepening public sector problems had to be addressed, and the adoption of more accountable systems seemed a perfect solution. There was also the desire not only to be able to control but also reduce public expenditure. Finally, political promises were made to reduce the share of public expenditure in National Income, to curtail the range of functions being performed by government, whilst also seeking to improve, nurture and stimulate the business attitudes and practices necessary to re-launch Britain as a successful capitalist economy, this was a conservative attitude. The government therefore promoted the view that accountable management reforms are needed for the public sector to be more accountable to those who receive, pay for or monitor public services; to provide services in a more effective, efficient and publicly responsible fashion (Humphrey 1991). The emergence of an internal market for health services inevitably resulted in the emergence of various accounting techniques, their purpose was to act as a stimulus to ensure efficient allocation of resources and to minimise costs. The increasing competition derived from this market created a need for management control systems. Hood (1994) categorised international accountable management as having up to seven dimensions, for government implementation of a system in the public sector. First, that it sought a greater disaggregation of public sector organisations, secondly, it would be searching for a stronger competitive use of private sector management techniques. Thirdly, a heavier emphasis on efficiency of resource usage, fourthly, reforms in accountability management. Fifthly a clearer specification of input/output relationships, sixthly, a greater use of measurable performance standards and targets, and finally, the use of ‘hands on† management of staff in control. These categories relate to Hood†s (1994) two aims, discussed previously, with the first three dimensions relating to his first aim of eliminating differences of public and private sector organisations. The four are geared towards the second aim of control. Hood†s research was based on a comparative study of cross-national experience of accountable management reforms. Arguably the views on the adoption of management control systems in the public sector depends on our position in society. As our society is more focused on markets, competitiveness and efficiency, it is likely that accounting techniques will play an important role, however, the importance of keeping the welfare of our society should be first and foremost. After all the goals of public sector organisations should differ from those in the private sector (e. g. they should not be profit maximisers). The objective of the NHS as an organisation remains unchanged since the reforms, in terms of securing an improvement in the state of the health of the population. However, it is now faced with the dilemma, that the means of achieving this greater improvement has been surfaced with financial considerations (Mellett 1998). One of the consequences of the reforms carried out on the NHS, after the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, is that at the level of health care delivery, it has been fragmented into over 500 separate trusts. Each of these trusts is a clearly defined autonomous unit which has an obligation to monitor performance in terms of both finance and patient care activity (Clatworthy et al 1997). This was the governments preferred mode of organisation and it becomes universal along with the associated accounting regime (Mellet 1998). Mellett (1998), looked at how the revised accounting system operated within trusts, and found that their procedures included a system of capital accounting; it†s objective was to increase the awareness of health service managers of the cost of capital and the incentive to use that capital efficiently. However, introducing a new control system into an organisation, and also the fact the management team are unlikely to have experience in it†s application, could lead to several implementing problems and introduce another element of risk. Preston et al (1992) emphasis, that when a new accounting method is introduced, it is naive to assume that by simply assembling the components of a system, that the desired or officially intended outcome will be achieved. Since 1979 the UK government has tended to favour private sector management styles and culture (Flynn 1992), although there has been many debates about the different contrasts between the adaptable, dynamic, entrepreneurial private sector management styles and the bureaucratic, cautious, inflexible, rule bound public sector management. Could this be due to the strain on public sector managers, who work on a tight budget, and also that scope for reward in expanding the organisation is limited. So can we compare managers in the public sector with those in the private sector, for example accountability structures make managers jobs different from those of the private services. A public service manager for example, could be instructed to keep a hospital open, while the regional authorities may have different ideas and wish the hospital to close. This dubious accountability has no resemblance to the private sector, where managers are ultimately accountable to shareholders (Flynn 1992). An important part of managerial work in the public sector involves managing the relationship between the organisation and the political process. Therefore, the government is faced a health policy dilemma; how to reconcile increasingly flexible NHS management and greater freedom to become competitive, with requirements for manageability of the NHS, for public accountability, and for political management (Sheaff et al 1997). The government then introduced a process to set about placing former private sector directors, into director positions of NHS trusts. Therefore directly introducing private sector experience into public sector management. However, Sheaff et al (1997) research, found that board members of trusts, with a predominant NHS background were likely to be less conservative, more flexible and less risk adverse than those with a non-NHS background. This highlights the emphasis put on different management styles associated with the public and private sector, and puts into doubt these classifications when developing the ‘strategy of managerialism† for the NHS. The new era of the NHS has left managers of trusts faced with a new dilemma, they are now accountable to producing two sets of information, finance activity and patient care activity. Clatworthy (1993) identified three users of this information, the electorate, the consumers of the public service and central government politicians. All these groups will have an interest in the NHS, but their concerns are likely to focus on different aspects of this information. This gives the managers the task of balancing two incompatible goals. As part of the NHS, trusts are charged with the intangible task of improving the state of the nations health, while also having to remain financially viable (Clatworthy 1993). Jackson (1985) perceives that by their very nature, performance indicators motivate individuals and cause them to modify their behaviour in order to meet the targets set. Could this give rise to anxieties of how managers could react to potentially bad results? Published performance indicators issued cover aspects such as percentage of patients seen by a hospital within 13 weeks. Looking at this as an example; this indicator could be enhanced by treating as a priority those that have been waiting longest, but these patients may not be those, whose health status would benefit most from treatment (Clatworthy 1993). It could be argued that in the pursuit of a goal, managers lower the possible increase in overall welfare. These performance indicators, both financial and patient care are produced in an annual report, although superficially similar to it†s private sector counterpart it is not addressed to an audience which can exercise control. Unlike a private sector shareholders meeting, the directors of the public sector trust cannot be removed from their position by a voting process, so it†s existence can be perceived as not a tool of control. This paper has analysed the introduction of the new reforms taken place in the NHS in the early nineties. The reasons for change were identified as being the change in the demographic structure of the UK population and the increased emphasis of technological advancement in medical health care, and their effect on the financial burden of the health service to the government. Changes brought about were to increase cost effectiveness and encourage efficient use of the scarce resources available to the NHS. Due to the competitive nature of the internal market, many management control techniques have been implemented to aid managers of designated hospital trusts to meet their budget targets. Due to the complexity of these systems, many trusts have had previously private sector managers, appointed as directors in charge of managing the budget. Many fears have been raised that these budget constraints and the introduction of performance indicators will have a detrimental effect on the health service†s ultimate aim, to improve the overall state of the nation†s health. It seems that managers are stuck in a conflict of interests, of whether to keep financial control of the trust, by cutting back in the overall service offered to the public. How to cite National Health Service Reorganization, Essay examples